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HTPBE?

Structural PDF tamper detection API. Catches edits your KYC stack misses.

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Status

Algorithm v2.23.1

Tool profile

Preview

Preview reads as a downstream re-saver — it surfaces disproportionately on documents whose original Creator was a different, often institutional, application.

Back to all statistics
Forensic verdict

Anomaly profile

Based on 145 appearances across the HTPBE? corpus.

Modification rate
93%+45pp above baseline
Corpus baseline: 48%
Total appearances
145
0.7% of corpus
Modification rate
93%
+45pp above baseline
Role split
100%C/0%P
Creator vs Producer share of appearances

Corpus profile

How Preview shows up in HTPBE? corpus

macOS Preview is the system PDF viewer / lightweight editor. Its presence as Producer means the document was opened and saved by Preview at least once.

Preview-as-Producer is extremely common on Mac and is legitimate for tasks like adding a signature stamp. Contextual signal: producer/creator mismatch when Preview is the latest Producer on a document whose Creator was an institutional source — the document was opened and saved through Preview after creation.

The signal
Preview-as-Producer is extremely common on Mac and is legitimate for tasks like adding a signature stamp.

Role in the workflow

How Preview shows up in metadata

Every PDF carries a Creator (the application that produced the original document) and a Producer (the engine that wrote the PDF). The same tool can appear in either slot, with very different modification profiles.

CAs Creator · 100%
As Producer · 0%P
CAs Creator
  • Usage
    145
  • Modification rate
    93%
  • Avg file size
    707 KB
PAs Producer
  • Usage
    0
  • Modification rate
    0%

How to read this

The Creator slot typically reflects where a document started life. The Producer slot reflects whatever wrote the bytes — and is the field that gets overwritten when a PDF is opened, edited, and saved by a downstream tool.

A higher modification rate as Producer than as Creator usually means the tool is acting as a re-saver on documents that originated elsewhere. A higher rate as Creator points to fragile workflows around the original authoring app.

Name fingerprints

Also goes by

Different version strings and spellings observed for Preview in the wild. All are merged into the same canonical profile.

Preview99.3%
Aperçu0.7%

Why variants matter

The same tool publishes itself under 2 different metadata strings — version bumps, locale tags, build IDs. We canonicalize them so the corpus reflects one identity, not noise.

Most common
Preview
99.3% of appearances
Variant spread
2 distinct strings
Long-tail share: 0.7%
Observed range
27 Apr 2011 → 21 May 2026

Distributions

What ships alongside Preview

The PDF versions Preview writes when acting as Producer, and the other tools that appear in the same documents.

Common Producers when Preview is the Creator

macOS Print to PDF writes 97% of these files — that pairing is the Adobe-stack default for many institutional pipelines.

macOS Print to PDF96.6%
OpenText Output Transformation Engine - 20.4.290.7%

Related profiles

Tools you’ll see next to Preview

Other tools that frequently share metadata with Preview in the same documents. Each card links to its own forensic profile.

P97% co-occurrence
macOS Print to PDF
Appearances747
Mod rate64%
P1% co-occurrence
OpenText Output Transformation Engine - 20.4.29
Appearances17
Mod rate100%

Long tail

Notable observations

Smaller cuts of the Preview corpus — useful context, but treat each row as a single data point rather than a strong signal.

Pages parsed
1,925
Oldest observed
27 Apr 2011 — about 15 years ago

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